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Ardhanarishvara

अर्धनारीश्वर

The Lord Who is Half Woman

Iconic & Symbolic
Description

A composite androgynous form of the Hindu god Shiva and his consort Parvati, representing the synthesis of masculine and feminine energies of the universe. The form is depicted as half-male and half-female, split vertically, symbolizing the inseparable nature of Purusha (consciousness) and Prakriti (nature).

Meaning

The Lord Who is Half Woman

Importance in Spiritual Practice

Contemplating Ardhanarishvara helps transcend duality and understand the unified nature of existence. The form inspires inner balance of masculine and feminine qualities and is meditated upon for spiritual integration.

Artistic and Cultural Impact

Influential in Indian art, sculpture, dance (particularly Bharatanatyam), and temple architecture, representing divine aesthetics and cosmic balance.

Significance

Represents the inseparable union of Shiva (Purusha) and Shakti (Prakriti). It signifies that the ultimate reality is a balance and synthesis of opposites, beyond all duality.

Symbolism
Unity of opposites
Divine balance of masculine and feminine
Non-duality (Advaita)
Interdependence of creation
Cosmic wholeness
Iconography

Body Division

Right half is Shiva (male), left half is Parvati (female)

Attributes Male

hair: Jata (matted hair) with crescent moon and Ganga
adornments: Rudraksha, serpent ornaments
attire: Tiger skin or loincloth
arms:
Trishula (trident)
Damaru (drum)

Attributes Female

hair: Ornamental braid with flowers
adornments: Bangles, earrings, crown, necklace
attire: Silken sari
arms:
Lotus
Mirror or Parashu (axe)

Mount

Nandi (Shiva’s bull) and Lion (Parvati’s mount) in composite forms

Pose

Graceful tribhanga pose, representing dance and balance
Philosophical Significance
  • Illustrates the concept of Ardhatva (completeness through union)
  • Symbolizes the inseparability of Shiva and Shakti
  • Represents cosmic duality and harmony
  • Seen in non-dualistic schools like Shaivism and Shakta traditions
Scriptural References
Major Temples & Representations

Ardhanareeswarar Temple

Tiruchengode, Tamil Nadu, India

One of the most important temples dedicated to Ardhanarishvara

Elephanta Caves

Maharashtra, India

Renowned rock-cut sculpture of Ardhanarishvara

Worship & Rituals

Festival: Shivaratri

Associated Practices:

  • Worshipped for harmony in relationships and balance of energies
  • Common in tantric worship and yogic meditations
Source References
Shiva Purana – Rudra Samhita
Linga Purana – Uttara Bhaga
Skanda Purana – Kashi Khanda
Iconography in Indian Art by C. Sivaramamurti
Ardhanarishvara: The Androgyne of Indian Art by V. K. Subramanian
Related Concepts
Purusha and Prakriti
Shiva-Shakti union
Non-duality (Advaita)
Cosmic Androgyny
Associated Forms
Shiva
Parvati
Uma Maheshvara
Kameshvara-Kameshwari